Effects of Pesticides on Amphibians and Tentative Solutions: Review

Abstract

Amphibians are among the main affected non-target groups, victim of pesticides. This review puts into evidence worldwide studies on lethal and sub-lethal effects of pollutants on amphibians and proposes solutions to handle the issue. Literature review was carried out from articles and books, on 123 studies. The number of pesticide formulations used worldwide in very high. Pesticide effect on the environment and the biota in general have been assessed in many studies using tools such as biomonitoring, bioassays in laboratory and semi-field conditions and Ecological Risk Assessment (EcoRA) with models. The ecological effects of pollutants are varied and often inter-related. Effects in the organism or at the ecological level are usually considered an early warning indicator of potential human health impact. Effects can either be lethal or sub-lethal comprising cancer, tumours, lesions, reduction of reproductive potential, immune suppression, disruption of endocrine system, cellular and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and teratogenic effects. Amphibian conservation can be done via the protection of genetic resources, cleaning habitat, sustainable harvesting, captive breeding, cloning and reintroduction programmes. Proper use of pesticides and reinforcement of regulation remains a necessity to protect environmental health.