Molecular hydrogen attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism

Abstract

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of many chemotherapeutic agents and represents a major dose-limiting factor in cancer treatment. Therefore, developing effective renoprotective strategies is urgently needed. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a therapeutic agent with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, selectively scavenging hydroxyl radicals and alleviating tissue injury. However, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of H2 in chemotherapy-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) remain poorly understood. Methods: A cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model was established with or without H₂ administration. Kidney injury biomarkers were evaluated, and levels of inflammation and apoptosis were assessed using TUNEL staining, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, RNA sequencing was performed, followed by heatmap, Venn diagram, and volcano plot analyses to identify differentially expressed genes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was used to explore metabolic alterations upon H2 treatment in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Subsequently, metabolic alterations were validated through a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, including ELISA, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results: H2 inhalation significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced kidney injury by reducing inflammation and apoptosis in renal tissue. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that H2 upregulated the ketone body metabolic pathway, particularly enhancing β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HOB) synthesis via increased expression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2). Functional assays confirmed that H2-mediated upregulation of HMGCS2 and β-HOB contributed to its renoprotective effects. Conclusion: Molecular hydrogen confers protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating β-HOB metabolism through upregulation of HMGCS2, thereby suppressing renal inflammation and apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into the metabolic mechanism underlying H2’s tissue-protective effects and offer a theoretical foundation for its potential clinical application in mitigating chemotherapy-induced kidney injury.