APRF1 Interactome Reveals HSP90 as a New Player in the Complex That Epigenetically Regulates Flowering Time in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

WD40 repeat proteins (WDRs) are present in all eukaryotes and include members that are implicated in numerous cellular activities. They act as scaffold proteins and thus as molecular “hubs” for protein–protein interactions, which mediate the assembly of multifunctional complexes that regulate key developmental processes in Arabidopsis thaliana, such as flowering time, hormonal signaling, and stress responses. Despite their importance, many aspects of their putative functions have not been elucidated yet. Here, we show that the late-flowering phenotype of the anthesis promoting factor 1 (aprf1) mutants is temperature-dependent and can be suppressed when plants are grown under mild heat stress conditions. To gain further insight into the mechanism of APRF1 function, we employed a co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) approach to identify its interaction partners. We provide the first interactome of APRF1, which includes proteins that are localized in several subcellular compartments and are implicated in diverse cellular functions. The dual nucleocytoplasmic localization of ARRF1, which was validated through the interaction of APRF1 with HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 1 (HSP90.1) in the nucleus and with HSP90.2 in the cytoplasm, indicates a dynamic and versatile involvement of APRF1 in multiple biological processes. The specific interaction of APRF1 with the chaperon HSP90.1 in the nucleus expands our knowledge regarding the epigenetic regulation of flowering time in A. thaliana and further suggests the existence of a delicate thermoregulated mechanism during anthesis.