Bias and Groupthink in Science’s Peer-Review System

Abstract

Studies have shown that various types of biases can impact scientific peer review. These biases may contribute to a type of groupthink that can make it difficult to obtain funding or publish innovative or controversial research. The desire to achieve consensus and uniformity within a research group or scientific discipline can make it difficult for individuals to contradict the status quo. This chapter reviews the scientific literature regarding biases in the peer-review system, reflects on the potential impact of bias, and discusses approaches to minimize or control bias in peer review.