Enhanced Degradation of Different Tetracyclines by Nonthermal Plasma and Activated Persulfate: Insights into Synergistic Effects and Degradation Mechanism

Abstract

The increasing presence of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) in water sources poses significant environmental and public health risks, necessitating effective treatment technologies. This study investigates the degradation of three types of TCs in water—Tetracycline (TC), Oxytetracycline (OTC), and Chlortetracycline (CTC)—using nonthermal plasma (NTP) coupled with the persulfate (PS) process. The combined NTP/PS system was optimized for various operational parameters, including PS concentration, pH, and reaction time, to achieve maximum degradation and mineralization efficiency. The results showed that the NTP/PS system achieved over 90% degradation of all TCs under optimal conditions, outperforming plasma alone treatment. The degradation kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model, indicating a rapid initial breakdown of TCs. The degradation mechanism was elucidated through the identification of intermediate byproducts using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free radicals, such as sulfate (SO4•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, were identified as the primary reactive species responsible for TCs degradation. This study demonstrates the potential of the NTP/PS system as an efficient and sustainable solution for the removal of antibiotic contaminants from water. Further research on the scalability and application in real wastewater conditions is recommended.