Environmental toxicology

Abstract

The article presents the basics of the metabolism of foreign substances by phase I and phase II enzymes and also points out the genetic polymorphism of many enzymes. Various toxicity tests are presented, measured variables such as LD50 (Median Lethal Dose) or LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level) are explained, as well as the maximum workplace concentration (MAK) in Germany and the TRK, BAT and EKA values. The five carcinogenicity categories of the MAK list of the DFG (Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft) are mentioned as well as the classifications of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Typical carcinogens are then briefly explained, such as asbestos, benzene, pyrolysis products made from organic material, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, ethylene oxide and ionizing radiation. Attention is also drawn to biological carcinogenesis (e.g. by Helicobacter) and to carcinogenesis by lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol.