Clinical phenotypes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Abstract

Over the past 2 decades, the syndrome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) received a lot of attention.1-19 However, little therapeutic progress was made.20-27 Among the issues that may account for the modest therapeutic progress, one appears to be overwhelming: HFpEF is not a well-defined clinical entity: It is an amalgam of cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, and geriatric conditions.28,29 Patients diagnosed with HFpEF currently, were until few years ago managed for systemic hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), obesity, renal impairment, pulmonary hypertension (PH), or age-related deconditioning.