Newcastle Disease Virus Induces Profound Lymphoid Depletion with Different Patterns of Necroptosis, Necrosis, and Oxidative DNA Damage in Bursa, Spleen, and Other Lymphoid Tissues

Abstract

This study delves into the pathogenesis of virulent genotype VII strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), focusing on experimentally infected birds. Predominant and consistent lesions observed include bursal atrophy and extensive depletion of all lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, targeting apoptosis (Caspase-3), necroptosis (MLKL), and NDV markers, indicates that bursal atrophy is linked to a non-apoptotic programmed cell death pathway known as “necroptosis”. Repair assisted damage detection (RADD) of the bursa reveal oxidative DNA damage patterns consistent with programmed cell death, aligning with MLKL expression. Contrastingly, in the spleen, our findings suggest that necrosis (non-programmed cell death) predominantly contributes to lymphoid depletion. This conclusion is supported by evidence of karyorrhexis, fibrinous inflammation, RADD analyses, and IHC. Moreover, in addition to being pathogenic in its own right, NDV caused extensive and rapid lymphoid depletion that should be expected to contribute to profound immunosuppression. The elucidation of necroptosis in NDV-infected chickens provides a good rationale to investigate this mechanism in other paramyxoviral diseases such as human measles.