A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Future Trends in Tsunami Early Warning Systems

Abstract

One of the consequences of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was tremendous advancements in global tsunami science and coastal emergency management systems. The event, which killed over 235,000 people, brought to light the vital gaps in global tsunami science and observation systems. The subsequent global and national initiatives to develop Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) conceded positive results in reducing harm to people and damage to infrastructure. Especially, after the 2011 Japan tsunami, more significant improvements are accomplished in the last decade in tsunami science and its applications to disaster risk reduction. Although early warning systems have been a great promise for tsunami mitigation, there are still considerable uncertainties in monitoring and detection. Most of the current Tsunami Early Warning Systems are based on seismic origin earthquakes occurring at subduction zones. However, the other ‘atypical’ sources such as events related to submarine landslides and volcano eruptions are yet to be addressed globally. Here in this paper, we review the current state of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System, recent advances to reduce the forecast uncertainties, and future developments to deal with ‘atypical’ sources. Also, we review the significant developments in community preparedness and awareness activities of India to reduce tsunami impact on the public and property. Advanced technology combined with enhanced response capabilities of the public at risk is important for a successful and sustainable Tsunami Early Warning System.