Oral-Health Considerations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that markedly increases children’s vulnerability to oral diseases because sensory hypersensitivities, communication challenges, and behavioral inflexibility complicate both self-care and dental attendance. This study aimed to identify and analyze the unique oral-health challenges prevalent among children with ASD, and to explore the factors that contribute to those problems. Methods and Results: This study summarizes relevant data from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus published between 2008 and 2022 on the prevalence and determinants of early childhood caries, periodontal disease, and unmet dental needs in pediatric ASD cohorts. Seven cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting caries prevalence rates ranging from 56% to 78%, consistently higher than those observed in neurotypical peers. Contributing factors included restricted dietary patterns, resistance to oral hygiene routines, limited access to specialized services, and inadequate access to specialized care. Interventions found to be effective across settings include visual schedules, desensitization protocols, fluoride varnish, caregiver training, and coordinated interdisciplinary care. Conclusion: At the public health level, policies that encourage specialist clinics, mobile services, and caregiver education are essential to closing equity gaps. Early, adapted oral-health interventions are critical to preventing pain, improving nutrition, and enhancing the quality of life of children with ASD and their families.