Association between the gut microbiota and patient responses to cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors (Review)

Abstract

Studies are increasingly investigating the association between the gut microbiota and the outcomes of immuno‑ therapy in patients with cancer. Notably, certain studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota serves a key role in regu‑ lating a patient's response to immunotherapy. In the present review, the potential associations between the gut microbiota, and cancer, host immunity and cancer immunotherapy are reviewed. Furthermore, the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, components of traditional Chinese medicine and various life‑ style factors on the gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy outcomes are discussed. Certain dominant bacterial groups in the context of cancer immunotherapy and certain effective methods for optimizing immunotherapy by regulating the gut microbiota have been identified. Further investigation may enable the rapid conversion of these discoveries into practical products and clinically applicable methods.