The genus Pterostichus in China II: The subgenus Circinatus Sciaky, a species revision and phylogeny (Carabidae, Pterostichini)

Abstract

All of the known species of the Chinese endemic subgenus Pterostichus (Circinatus) are revised, keyed, and illustrated. Eleven new species and one new subspecies are described: P. adelphus sp. n. (Sichuan: Meigu, N28.66°, E103.06°); P. ailaoicus sp. n. (Yunnan: Xinping, N23.94°, E101.50°); P. camelus sp. n. (Sichuan: Mianning, N28.97°, E102.16°); P. dimorphus sp. n. (Yunnan: Dayao, N26.08°, E101.03°); P. maitreya sp. n. (Guizhou: Fanjingshan, N27.90°, E108.70°); P. miao sp. n. (Guangxi: Maoershan, N25.87°, E110.41°); P. tumulus sp. n. (Guizhou: Fanjingshan, N27.90°, E108.70°); P. wangjiani sp. n. (Yunnan: Dongchuan, N26.08°, E102.87°); P. yan sp. n. (Hubei: Shennongjia, N31.47°, E110.39°); P. yuxiaodongi sp. n. (Sichuan: Wolong, N30.99°, E103.15°); P. zhygealu sp. n. (Sichuan: Meigu, N28.67°, E103.05°); and P. cavazzutianus mianningensis subsp. n. (Sichuan: Mianning, N28.97°, E102.16°). P. cavazzutianus is proposed as a replacement name for P. cavazuttii Allegro and Sciaky 2010, preoccupied by P. (Sinosteropus) barbarae cavazuttii Sciaky and Facchini 2003. A lectotype is designated for P. baenningeri Jedlička 1931. Two species, P. schuelkei Sciaky & Wrase and P. wenxianensis Allegro & Sciaky, are moved from the subgenus Circinatus to Morphohaptoderus. An infra-subgeneric taxonomy is proposed for the subgenus Circinatus with four species groups. The male endophallus characters for most species of Circinatus were well studied, with three types of endophallus defined. A phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphological characters confirmed the infra-subgeneric classification and clarified some of the relationships among species. Two main lineages within Circinatus were identified from the phylogenetic analyses. Three of the four species groups were monophyletic, whereas the fourth group was paraphyletic.