Effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on malaria occurrence among HIV-infected adults in West Africa: the MALHIV Study

Abstract

Introduction: Cotrimoxazole (CTX) should be given to all HIV-infected adults with mild or severe HIV-disease or those with CD4 counts below 350/mm 3 according to 2006 WHO guidelines. We assessed the impact of CTX prophylaxis on the risk of malaria episodes in HIV-1-infected adults from four West African countries with different patterns of malaria transmission. Method: Multicentric cohort study, conducted between September 2007 and March 2010 in four West African cities. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve HIV-infected adults started CTX at enrolment (CTX group) if they had CD4 < 350 cells/mm 3 or were at WHO clinical stage ≥2. For patients who did not start CTX at enrolment (non-CTX group) and started CTX afterwards, follow-up was censored at CTX initiation. We used Cox's proportional hazard model to compare the risk of malaria between CTX groups. Results: A total of 514 participants (median CD4 count 238 cells/mm 3 ) were followed for a median of 15 months. At enrolment, 347 started CTX, and 261 started ART. During the follow-up, 28 started CTX. The incidence of malaria was 8.7/100 PY (95%CI 6.3–11.5) overall, 5.2/100 PY (95%CI 3.1–8.3) in the CTX group and 15.5/100 PY (95%CI 10.3–22.1) in the non-CTX group. In multivariate analysis, CTX led to a 69% reduction in the risk of malaria (aHR 0.31, 95%CI 0.10–0.90). Conclusion: Patients in the CTX group had an adjusted risk of malaria three times lower than those in the non-CTX group. The prolonged large-scale use of CTX did not blunt the efficacy of CTX to prevent malaria in this region.