Developing a community-based screening model for refractive error in school-aged children in Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Uncorrected refractive errors among school-aged children in Indonesia represent a significant public health challenge, necessitating a comprehensive screening model. To develop a community-based screening model for refractive error detection in Indonesian school-aged children through expert consensus, establishing implementation guidelines across multiple healthcare dimensions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A three-round Delphi consensus study involving 86 multidisciplinary experts in Indonesia was designed to develop a structured screening model for community implementation. The study examined five key dimensions through systematic Delphi rounds: policy, screening period and frequency, program design, human resources, and facilities/infrastructure. Expert opinions were gathered iteratively, focusing on practical implementation aspects and system integration. Consensus measurement methodologies are typical of Delphi studies, including analysis of expert agreement levels and qualitative analysis of feedback patterns across consultation rounds. RESULTS: Expert consensus emphasized primary healthcare integration, national guidelines establishment, and dedicated funding allocation. The model recommended annual screenings with age-appropriate methods, standardized training modules, and collaborative approaches between health and non-health professionals. Key infrastructure requirements and data management protocols were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The study developed a comprehensive screening model targeting early detection of refractive errors and improved child development outcomes. The model emphasizes stakeholder engagement and healthcare system integration. Future research should evaluate long-term outcomes and model adaptability in various settings.