Protein Storage in Oocytes: Implications for Oocyte Quality, Embryonic Development, and Female Fertility

Abstract

Maternal storage is a fundamental feature of female gametes and is essential for maintaining oocyte quality and preserving developmental competence. Embryonic development relies on maternally deposited proteins, transcripts, and nutrients, yet the mechanisms by which oocytes accumulate and store these critical factors—particularly proteins—remain poorly understood. Across eukaryotes, diverse protein storage strategies have evolved, reflecting both conserved and species-specific adaptations. Here, we review the mechanisms of oocyte protein storage, comparing different species to uncover functional similarities and differences. Additionally, germ cells must clear damaged molecules accumulated during the mother’s lifetime to ensure the production of rejuvenated eggs. We examine the conserved proteostasis mechanisms that support this process. By integrating insights from various model organisms and cellular dormancy studies, this review highlights the molecular basis of oocyte protein storage and its vital role in reproductive success.