Serum Vitamin D Levels and Vitamin D Receptor Concentrations in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, characterized by the proliferation of immature lymphoid cells. Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) play a critical role in immune regulation and cancer progression. This study investigated serum vitamin D levels and VDR concentrations in children with ALL and their relationship with clinical risk groups. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 90 children categorized into standard risk (SR), high risk (HR), and control groups at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital in Makassar, Indonesia. Serum vitamin D levels and soluble VDR concentrations were measured using ELISA. Vitamin D status was classified as deficient (<20ng/mL), insufficient (20–30ng/mL), or sufficient (>30ng/mL). Statistical analysis compared the groups and examined associations with SPPS version 26. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 82.2% of ALL patients. The SR and HR groups showed significantly lower levels than controls (P<0.001). Median vitamin D levels were 13.29ng/mL (SR), 13.94ng/mL (HR), and 19.61 ng/mL (control). Median VDR concentrations were highest in the SR group (0.600ng/mL), though differences across groups were not statistically significant (P=0.163). A positive correlation between serum vitamin D levels and VDR concentrations was identified (P=0.001, r=0.342). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in children with ALL, highlighting the need for regular vitamin D screening and supplementation. Further research is necessary to explore the therapeutic potential of vitamin D and VDR in leukemia treatment.