Coagulation and flocculation of printing ink effluent using polyaluminium chloride (Pac): Optimization and phytotoxicity study

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to optimize the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for reducing color from the ink effluent. The optimization process was conducted based pH, coagulant dose, mixing time and mixing speed. The phytotoxicity in treated dye effluent using green bean seeds to use on seed germination test. The optimal reduction efficiency for dye samples color was 98.53%, while was 71.02% for chemical oxygen demand, 85.89% for turbidity and 88.01% for total suspended solid. The phytotoxicity concentration was 43.24%. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the use of PAC in coagulation–flocculation had led to settle the particles.