Regionalization of precipitation in Guatemala in climatology and El Niño-Southern Oscillation in its Niño, Niña, and neutral phases

Abstract

The regionalization of precipitation is a vital tool for understanding hydrological phenomena, particularly in the context of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases (El Niño, La Niña, neutral, and climatology) in Guatemala. This study introduces a novel framework that defines previously diffuse regional boundaries, revealing the dynamic nature of precipitation patterns across the country. The findings demonstrate how regional boundaries shift in response to ENSO phases, as well as under climatology and neutral conditions. These insights highlight the importance of considering dynamic regionalization to accurately analyze climatic impacts and precipitation variability, providing a foundation for more effective climate adaptation strategies.