Cell cycle specific induction of HL-60 cell differentiation and apoptosis by mycophenolic acid

Abstract

HL-60 cells undergo terminal differentiation and apoptosis in response to different types of sub-toxic and toxic perturbations respectively. The mechanism by which cells sense different amounts of perturbation to activate pathways that lead to the engagement of a relevant biological response is not known. The response of HL-60 cells to treatment with the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA), a specific inhibitor of dGTP/GTP-synthesis, allowed quantitation of a metabolic perturbation which triggered a cellular response. 1.5 μM MPA induced 38% terminal differentiation to CD14 positive, early monocyte-like cells and 22% cell death by apoptosis, whereas 3 μM MPA induced 70% apoptosis but no differentiation. Despite the difference in biological outcomes, 72 h exposure to both 1.5 μM and 3 μM MPA caused a similar (∼75%) depletion of total GTP levels. Cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation were treated with MPA. Elutriated cells were overall less sensitive to the effects of MPA but 3 μM MPA induced significantly less apoptosis and more differentiation in an elutriation-enriched G1-population than in a population normally distributed in the cell cycle, suggesting that the effects of MPA in S-phase may subsequently lead to cell death. However, analysis of apoptosis by using a terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase assay and measurement of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation showed that apoptosis was engaged in G1. Analysis of the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma protein demonstrated that Rb was hypophosphorylated prior to apoptosis and that in apoptotic cells, separated by flow cytometry, Rb protein was absent, presumably due to proteolysis. The loss of Rb protein did not appear to permit transit to S-phase, and was not accompanied by an expression of c-Myc. Surprisingly, therefore, an antimetabolite inducing a loss of GTP brought about cell death by apoptosis in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.