Out-of-school children in Southeast Asia: a case study of Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, and Malaysia

Abstract

This study seeks to identify the specific groups of children categorized as Out-of-School Children and Youth (OOSCY) in Southeast Asia, as well as to explore the underlying reasons for their non-enrollment in formal education. Additionally, it aims to examine potential international educational networks that could serve as solutions to this issue. The research methodology employed is qualitative, incorporating semi-structured interviews and observational techniques. The findings of the study are as follows: First, the target populations of OOSC, as well as the underlying causes of their exclusion from school, vary by country. Furthermore, the definition and measurement of OOSCY remain unclear, with a significant number of OOSCY existing in a hidden or unreported capacity. Second, a trend of educational cooperation that transcends the ASEAN region, characterized by multi-institutional partnerships, was observed. Evidence at the field level, in close proximity to OOSCY, suggests the development of innovative and flexible learning models, such as vocational and life skills education, spearheaded by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local government agencies. This indicates a burgeoning movement aimed at addressing educational disparities and promoting more inclusive educational opportunities.