The neglected role of social comparisons in acculturation: Considering the integration paradox

Abstract

The aim of this contribution is to further develop and advance acculturation theory and research by discussing the largely neglected role of social comparison processes. Social comparison is a ubiquitous process that plays a central role in several theories, such as social identity theory, equity theory and relative deprivation theory, and can determine perceptions of discrimination, feelings of entitlement, and acculturation strategies and adaptations. The importance of social comparisons is first discussed in relation to the research on the integration paradox, which finds that higher, compared to lower, educated immigrants tend to perceive more discrimination and distance themselves more strongly from the country of settlement. This research draws attention to perceptions of relative deprivation and the structural aspects of acculturation. Subsequently, the potential of considering comparison processes for examining and understanding acculturation variation across aspects (e.g., behavior, values, iden-tity), life domain (e.g., politics, work, family), and situational context (e.g., assimilative, multi-cultural) is discussed. Furthermore, the implications of social comparisons for assessing and measuring acculturation strategies and adaptations will be considered. It is concluded that acculturation research will benefit from more systematically considering the various comparison processes in which individuals and groups can engage when coming into intercultural contact.