Frailty in Survival Analysis of Widowhood Mortality

Abstract

Heterogeneity between individuals has attracted attention in the literature of survival analysis for several decades. Widowed individuals also differ; some are more frail than others and thereby have a higher risk of dying. The traditional hazard rate in a survival model is a measure of population risk and does not provide direct information on the unobservable individual risk. A frailty model is developed and applied on a large Norwegian data set of 452 788 widowed individuals. The model seemed to fit the data well, for both widowers and widows in all age groups. The random frailty term in the model is significant, meaning that widowed persons may have individual hazard rates.