Narrative review of roles of astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating stroke subtype with more than 50% mortality and morbidity, and often leads to permanent neurological and cognitive deficits for survivors. Compared to other stroke subtypes, SAH seems to occur in the younger populations, half of the SAH patients are under 55 years old at the time of onset. SAH also mostly concerns females. The incidence ratio of female versus male is 70%:30%. In total, 85% of SAH cases are caused by intracranial aneurysms rupture, and 10% of those SAH patients die before intervention because of the sudden attack and severe conditions of the disease (1). The long-term outcome after SAH remains poor. Early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are considered the most important factors contributing to the poor outcome of SAH. EBI occurs