Factors Associated with Being Overweight and Obesity in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy: Socioclinical, Inflammation, and Metabolic Markers

Abstract

Background: We investigated the association between socioclinical, inflammatory, and metabolic markers and weight gain in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods: Individuals from the COPANA cohort of normal weight (body mass index [BMI], 18.5-24.9 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) at cART initiation who achieved virological suppression (viral load, <50 copies/mL) and maintained it through 36 months of treatment were selected. Clinical, immunovirological, and socioeconomic data and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, CXCL10, CXCL8, interleukin 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2, soluble CD14, and soluble CD16) and serum metabolic (glucose, insulin, lipid profile, adiponectin, and leptin) markers were assessed. Factors associated with becoming overweight (BMI, 25-29.9) or obese (BMI, ≥30) at 36 months were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: After 36 months of cART, 32 of 158 people with HIV (20%) became overweight or obese (21% female; 65% born in France and 23% born in sub-Saharan Africa; median BMI at cART initiation, 22 [interquartile range, 21-23]). After adjustment, higher BMI, originating from sub-Saharan Africa, living in a couple, and higher soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and lower adiponectin concentrations at cART initiation were associated with becoming overweight or obese. Conclusion: Weight gain on cART is multifactorial. Special attention should be given to migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Monocyte activation and adipocyte dysfunction at cART initiation affect weight regulation.