Copper-based nanostructured coatings on natural cellulose: Nanocomposites exhibiting rapid and efficient inhibition of a multi-drug resistant wound pathogen, A. baumannii, and mammalian cell biocompatibility in vitro

Abstract

This paper describes a layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic self-assembly process for fabricating highly efficient antimicrobial nanocoatings on a natural cellulose substrate. The composite materials comprise a chemically modified cotton substrate and a layer of sub-5 nm copper-based nanoparticles. The LBL process involves a chemical preconditioning step to impart high negative surface charge on the cotton substrate for chelation controlled binding of cupric ions (Cu2+), followed by chemical reduction to yield nanostructured coatings on cotton fibers. These model wound dressings exhibit rapid and efficient killing of a multidrug resistant bacterial wound pathogen, A. baumannii, where an 8-log reduction in bacterial growth can be achieved in as little as 10 min of contact. Comparative silver-based nanocoated wound dressings-a more conventional antimicrobial composite material-exhibit much lower antimicrobial efficiencies; a 5-log reduction in A. baumannii growth is possible after 24 h exposure times to silver nanoparticle-coated cotton substrates. The copper nanoparticle-cotton composites described herein also resist leaching of copper species in the presence of buffer, and exhibit an order of magnitude higher killing efficiency using 20 times less total metal when compared to tests using soluble Cu2+. Together these data suggest that copper-based nanoparticle-coated cotton materials have facile antimicrobial properties in the presence of A. baumannii through a process that may be associated with contact killing, and not simply due to enhanced release of metal ion. The biocompatibility of these copper-cotton composites toward embryonic fibroblast stem cells in vitro suggests their potential as a new paradigm in metal-based wound care and combating pathogenic bacterial infections. Nanostructured copper coatings on natural cellulose (woven cotton substrate; left) are produced using a layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly process. The resulting copper nanoparticle-coated cotton fiber composites exhibit extremely efficient antimicrobial activity against a multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogen through a putative contact-killing mechanism at the nanostructured cotton interface. The substrates exhibit an 8-log reduction in bacterial growth in as little as ten minutes. These unique materials also show mammalian cell biocompatibility as indicated in the confocal fluorescence microscopy image showing healthy mouse fibroblast cells growing in the presence of nanostructured copper-coated cotton substrates after 48 hours. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.