Microglia and macrophage activation and the regulation of complement-receptor-3 (CR3/MAC-1)-mediated myelin phagocytosis in injury and disease

Abstract

Microglia and macrophages play critical roles in the response of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) to injury and disease, one of which is the removal of degenerated myelin by phagocytosis. Myelin removal is efficient during Wallerian degeneration, which follows injury to PNS axons, and in CNS autoimmune demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) but is inefficient after injury to CNS axons. We suggest that inefficient myelin removal results from deficient microglia activation, reflected by the failure to up-regulate Galectin-3/MAC-2 expression, which marks a state of activation correlated with efficient myelin phagocytosis. Surprisingly, whether or not executing myelin phagocytosis, CNS microglia express the αM/β2 integrin complement receptor-3 (CR3/MAC-1), which has the potential of mediating efficient myelin phagocytosis. We hypothesize that CR3/MAC-1 might be present in distinct inactive and active states that determine, respectively, efficient and inefficient CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. We present evidence that CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis is regulated in microglia and macrophages. First, CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis has complement-dependent and -independent components. Second, an active complement system augments CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. Third, anti-α M monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) inhibit and anti-β2 MAbs augment CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis in the presence and absence of an active complement system. Fourth, an active complement system modulates MAb-induced regulation of CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis. Overall, MAb-induced phagocytosis regulation might range three- to sevenfold from inefficient to efficient. We suggest that one of the mechanisms underlying MAb-induced phagocytosis regulation is the induction/stabilization of inactive and active conformational changes. Monoclonal antibody-induced phagocytosis regulation must reveal a mechanism by which native extracellular molecules bind to and regulate CR3/MAC-1-mediated myelin phagocytosis in microglia and macrophages.