Female/male ratios of autoimmune diseases range from 10: 1 to 1: 3, with similar severity between the sexes. Men and women respond similarly to the infection and to vaccination, arguing against intrinsic sex differences in immune response. In autoimmune-like illnesses caused by environmental agents sex discrepancy is explained by differences in exposure. Endogenous hormones could cause sex discrepancy if their effect is a threshold off-on switch rather than quantitatively variable. X-inactivation and imprinting could cause sex discrepancy. Other possibilities include chronobiologic differences and pregnancy and menstruation biologies in which men differ from women. © 2006 SAGE Publications.
CITATION STYLE
Lockshin, M. D. (2006). Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Lupus, 15(11), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203306069353
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