Theoretical prediction of EM Bias

Abstract

An experiment was conducted on a platform in the Gulf of Mexico to measure the electromagnetic (EM) bias at multiple frequencies. The theory of physical optics is used to predict the bias at the different frequencies based on measurements of the ocean surface using a wave gauge. The primary cause of the bias is found to be the modulation of the short waves on the long waves. This modulation depends on wave height and wind speed. A comparison between the experimental results and theoretical predictions is given.