Xantusiid "night" lizards: A puzzling phylogenetic problem revisited using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mtDNA sequences

Abstract

Contentious issues in Night Lizard (Xantusiidae) evolution are revisited using Maximum Likelihood-based Bayesian methods and compared with results from Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Parsimony analyses. Fragments of three mitochondrial genes, the 12S and 16S ribosomal genes, and the cytochrome b gene, are sampled across an ingroup composed of seven xantusiid species and a 12-species outgroup chosen to bracket ancestral states for six additional clades of scleroglossan lizards. Our phylogenetic analyses afford robust support for the following conclusions: Xantusiidae is part of Scincomorpha, rather than being allied with Gekkota; Lepidophyma is sister to Xantusia, rather than to Cricosaura; Xantusia riversiana is imbedded within, rather than being sister to, other Xantusia species; and rock-morph Xantusia are not closely related to one another. Convergence related to retarded rates of growth and development, or to physical constraints imposed by living in rock crevices, may be responsible for much of the character discordance underlying conflicts in xantusiid phylogeny. Fossil-calibrated Maximum Likelihood-based divergence time estimates suggest that although the xantusiid stem may have originated in the Mesozoic, the crown clade is exclusively Tertiary in age. Thus, the clade including extant Cricosaura does not appear to have been extant during the K-T boundary bolide impact, as has been suggested. Moreover, our divergence-time estimates indicate that the xantusiid island endemics, Cricosaura typica on Cuba and Xantusia riversiana on the California Channel Islands, arrived via dispersal rather than vicariance, as previously proposed. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.