Late compartments of amyloid precursor protein transport in SY5Y cells are involved in β-amyloid secretion

Abstract

Amyloid plaques, composed mainly of the 39-43 amino acid βA4 peptide, are a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease. Generation of βA4 by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to occur in a pathway that includes the activity of two as yet unknown proteases, with β-secretase cleaving at the N terminus and γ-secretase releasing the C terminus of βA4. Inhibition studies and the finding that cell surface APP can serve as a direct precursor of βA4 suggest that the endosomal/lysosomal compartment is involved in the proteolysis of APP into βA4. In this study we targeted APP695 chimeric proteins directly into the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. This decreased the amount of released βA4, while the generation of the βA4 N terminus continued. APP695 proteins were constructed also, which carried sorting signals responsible for recycling between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the cell surface. These proteins were processed into secreted βA4 at even higher levels than wild-type APP695. Moreover, retention of APP695 proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum led to neither βA4 secretion nor to processing by β-secretase in human SH- SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These data suggest that a β-cleavage activity resides in a late endosomal compartment and that a γ-cleavage occurs in early endosomes, resulting in the generation of βA4 peptides with the majority ending at residue 40.