Introduction

Abstract

During the past few decades, English has become the dominant global lingua franca. In a broader sense, English as a lingua franca (ELF) includes not only speakers from the Expanding Circle (e.g., Taiwan, China), but also speakers from the Inner (e.g., the U.S., Britain) and Outer Circles (e.g., India, Singapore). ELF i not the practice “of orientation to the norms of a particular group of English speakers, but of mutual negotiation involving efforts and adjustments from all parties” (Jenkins 2009, p. 201).