Preoperative biomarker evaluation for the prediction of cardiovascular events after major vascular surgery

Abstract

Objective: The cause of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) is postulated to involve hemodynamic stress or coronary plaque destabilization. We aimed to evaluate perioperative factors in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) undergoing major vascular surgery to determine the likely mechanisms and predictors of PMI. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of 133 patients undergoing major vascular surgery including open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (n = 40) and major suprainguinal or infrainguinal arterial bypasses (non-AAA; n = 93). Preoperative assessment with history, physical examination, and peripheral artery tonometry was performed in addition to plasma sampling of biomarkers associated with inflammation and coronary plaque instability. The primary outcome was occurrence of a 30-day cardiovascular event (CVE; composite of PMI [troponin I elevation >99th percentile reference of ≥0.1 μg/L], stroke, or death). Results: Of 133 patients, 36 patients (27%) developed a 30-day CVE after vascular surgery, and all were PMI. Patients with 30-day CVE were older (75 ± 8 years vs 69 ± 10 years, mean ± standard deviation; P = .001), had higher prevalence of hypertension (94% vs 79%; P = .01) and preoperative beta-blocker therapy (50% vs 29%; P = .02), and had longer duration of surgery (5.1 ± 1.8 hours vs 4.0 ± 1.1 hours; P < .0001). Significant elevations in cystatin C, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin I, high-sensitivity troponin T, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and osteoprotegerin occurred in those who developed 30-day CVE (all P < .05). Multivariate binary logistic regression identified AAA surgery and log-transformed NT-proBNP to be independent preoperative predictors of 30-day CVE (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.81). Conclusions: In patients with peripheral artery disease undergoing major vascular surgery, the likely mechanism of PMI appears to be the hemodynamic stress related to the type and duration of surgery. NT-proBNP was a useful independent predictor of CVE and thus may serve as an important biomarker of cardiovascular fitness for surgery.