Cellulose nanocrystal addition in thin film nanocomposite membranes: Which monomer solution is preferred?

Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biodegradable nanoparticles with a high aspect ratio and abundant surface hydroxyl groups resulting in negatively charged hydrophilic surfaces that make them an ideal candidate to be incorporated in thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. In this study, we modified the CNCs via acetylation (ACNCs) to reduce their hydrophilicity and via reaction with L-cysteine (CysCNCs) to impart them with functionality that promoted their interaction with the trimesoyl chloride organic monomer used in the preparation of the poly(amide) layer of the TFN membranes. These modifications allowed us to question in which monomer solution the nanoparticles should be dispersed. Addition of the unmodified CNCs in either the aqueous or organic monomer solution showed little difference in membrane performance. However, the addition of either the ACNCs or the CysCNCs to the organic monomer solution led to a significant increase in membrane performance in reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems compared to their addition to the aqueous monomer solution. In addition, the CysCNCs exhibited performance very near the upper-bound line for RO and NF.