Double-Stranded RNA Induces Shedding of the 34-kDa Soluble TNFR1 from Human Airway Epithelial Cells via TLR3–TRIF–RIP1-Dependent Signaling: Roles for Dual Oxidase 2- and Caspase-Dependent Pathways

Abstract

TNF, an important mediator of inflammatory and innate immune responses, can be regulated by binding to soluble TNF receptors. The 55-kDa type 1 TNFR (TNFR1), the key receptor for TNF signaling, is released to the extracellular space by two mechanisms, the inducible cleavage and shedding of 34-kDa soluble TNFR1 (sTNFR1) ectodomains and the constitutive release of full-length 55-kDa TNFR1 within exosome-like vesicles. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize TLR signaling pathways that mediate TNFR1 release to the extracellular space. To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a synthetic dsRNA analogue that signals via TLR3, induces sTNFR1 shedding from human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells, whereas ligands for other microbial pattern recognition receptors, including TLR4, TLR7, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2, do not. Furthermore, poly (I:C) selectively induces the cleavage of 34-kDa sTNFR1 ectodomains but does not enhance the release of full-length 55-kDa TNFR1 within exosome-like vesicles. RNA interference experiments demonstrated that poly (I:C)-induced sTNFR1 shedding is mediated via activation of TLR3–TRIF–RIP1 signaling, with subsequent activation of two downstream pathways. One pathway involves the dual oxidase 2-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species, and the other pathway is via the caspase-mediated activation of apoptosis. Thus, the ability of dsRNA to induce the cleavage and shedding of the 34-kDa sTNFR1 from human bronchial epithelial cells represents a novel mechanism by which innate immune responses to viral infections are modulated.