Mechanism and epidemiology of laboratory animal allergy

Abstract

Laboratory animal allergy (LAA) is a form of occupational allergic disease. The development of LAA is due to the presence of immunoglobulin E antibodies directed against animal proteins. The process of sensitization (development of immunoglobulin E antibodies) is a complex process that involves interaction of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes of the Th-2 cell type. These cells generate a host of cytokines and other factors that lead to immediate hypersensitivity reactions and the generation of allergic inflammation. Typical symptoms of LAA include nasal symptoms (e.g., sneezing, watery discharge, and congestion) and skin rashes. Asthma, which produces symptoms of cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, may affect 20 to 38% of workers who are sensitized to laboratory animal allergens. Rarely, a generalized, life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) may occur. The estimated prevalence of LAA is variable, depending on the method used for diagnosis, but nonetheless may affect exposed workers. The presence of pre-existing allergies to nonworkplace allergens (e.g., dust mite, pollens, molds), exposure to laboratory animal allergens, and possibly tobacco smoking are risk factors for the development of LAA. Progress in the understanding of the mechanism and epidemiology of LAA will lead to improved methods for its prevention.