Reduced Accessible Air–Water Interfacial Area Accelerates PFAS Leaching in Heterogeneous Vadose Zones

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface-active contaminants experiencing strong retention in vadose zones due to adsorption at air–water and solid–water interfaces. Leaching of PFAS through vadose zones poses great risks of groundwater contamination. Prior PFAS transport studies have focused on homogenous or layered vadose zones that significantly underrepresented the impact of preferential flow caused by soil heterogeneities—a primary factor known to dominantly control the subsurface transport of many contaminants. We conduct numerical simulations to investigate the impact of preferential flow on PFAS leaching in stochastically generated heterogeneous vadose zones. The simulations show that while shorter-chain PFAS experience accelerated leaching similar to non-surfactant solutes, the accelerated leaching of more surface-active longer-chain PFAS is uniquely amplified by 1.1–4.5 times due to reduced accessible air–water interfacial areas along preferential flow pathways. Our study highlights the criticality of characterizing soil heterogeneities for accurately predicting the leaching of long-chain PFAS in vadose zones.