Sonoelastographic findings in clubfeet

Abstract

Purpose: One of the main features of congenital idiopathic clubfoot is the increased stiffness of soft tissues. With the growing popularity and availability of sonoelastography as a method to assess the stiffness of different tissues, we considered applying it to congenital clubfeet in order to to determine whether sonoelastography can be a useful imaging method for the evaluation of clubfeet, to assess whether there are any differences in stiffness of specific tendons between clubfeet and normal contralateral feet and to observe which treatment methods have an impact on the aspect of these structures on the elastograms. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was performed involving 10 adolescent patients with unilateral idiopathic congenital clubfeet who were treated either with the Ponseti method or surgically with posteromedial release (PMR) during early infancy. Using compression sonoelastography, we obtained semi-quantitative data expressed as fat to tendon ratios in treated clubfeet and normal contralateral feet. The tendons of the following muscles were examined: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus and Achilles tendon at three levels (calcaneal insertion, lengthened zone and musculotendinous junction). Results: The only statistically significant difference in the strain ratio (p = 0.023) between clubfeet and normal feet was at the level of the calcaneal insertion of the Achilles tendon, which was stiffer in clubfeet. Although other differences were not statistically significant, they may reflect some of the pathological modifications of clubfeet. Conclusion: Overall, sonoelastography may be a useful examination tool in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of soft tissue stiffness in clubfeet, but further research is necessary.