Emerging Roles of the Copper–CTR1 Axis in Tumorigenesis

Abstract

Physiologic roles of copper in metabolic homeostasis have been addition to modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), angiogenwell established; however, whether and how copper is dysregulated esis, immune response, and metabolic homeostasis, copper recently in tumors and contributes to tumorigenesis is not recapitulated. has drawn more attention by directly binding to oncoproteins such Here, we comprehensively summarize the potential origins of as MEK, ULK, Memo, and PDK1 to activate distinct oncogenic copper accumulation in diseases, especially in cancers, by dysresignals and account for tumorigenesis. In the end, we disclose the gulating copper transporter 1 (CTR1) or ATPase copper transport-emerging applications of copper in cancer diagnosis and highlight ing alpha/beta (ATP7A/B) and further demonstrate the underlying the promising strategies to target the copper–CTR1 axis for cancer mechanism of copper contributing to tumorigenesis. Specifically, in therapies.