PQQ Supplementation and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Heart Inflammation

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced heart inflammation may originate from either COVID-19 infection or the administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. As pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a scavenger of free radicals, redox cofactor, and antioxidant which supports cognitive and mitochondrial functions, supplementation with PQQ could have a positive effect to reduce heart inflammation after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. However, there is no evidence yet for this opportunity in the literature. Cellular and animal model results are missing. Similarly, no clinical trials have been conducted. While it is recommended to measure the levels of the cardiac biomarkers before and after COVID-19 vaccination, no recommendation can be made about supplementation with PQQ, which, however, we note has no contraindication.