Présupposés anthropologiques, réflexivité sociologique et pluralisme théorique dans les sciences socials

Abstract

The paper suggests clarifying the status of the anthropological presuppositions, in the philosophical sense of characteristics of the human beings and the human condition a priori conceptions, in the social sciences. It shows that, on the condition of clarifications and of the use of a sociological reflexivity, these presuppositions can participate in the scientificity of the social sciences and in the extension of their empirical grounds. Two theoretical sites are mainly analyzed : 1) a comparison between Marx, Durkheim and Simmel, then widened to the contemporary individualism sociologies, and 2) an intensive approach of Bourdieu's sociology. The paper ends on the contributions and the limits of the pragmatic sociology introduced by Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot to treat these problems. © Presses de Sciences Po. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.