Comparing levels of urinary phthalate metabolites in egyptian children with autism spectrum disorders and healthy control children: Referring to sources of phthalate exposure

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Evidence supporting environmental risk factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rising. Phthalates are assumed to contribute to this risk due to their extensive use in daily life as plasticizers and additives in numerous customer products. Phthalates are also accused as a neurotoxic agent affecting brain development. AIM: The main objective of this study is to compare the concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites as biomarkers of phthalate exposure in children with autism to that of a healthy control group and to compare their exposure to suspected environmental sources of phthalate. METHODS: It was a case-control study; conducted over a period of 1 year. Thirty-eight children with ASD and 99 apparently healthy children comprised the control group, were enrolled in the study. Urinary concentrations of four phthalate metabolites were measured, using a combination of solid-phase extraction, high-pressure liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Children with ASD comprised 38 children (32 boys and 6 girls), their mean age was 8.95 ± 4.17 years. There were significant higher levels of urinary Mono (2ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono benzyl, and mono butyl phthalates in cases versus. controls with p value equals (0.006, 0.017, and <0.001), respectively. Regression analysis revealed that male gender and the level of mono butyl are the main predictors of ASD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study suggested a link between phthalates and ASD with higher urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in children with ASD. These high levels are either due to increased exposure or defective metabolism in children with ASD. The study declined any relationship of the studied sources of phthalate exposure to ASD except the exposure to wall painting with plastic.