Cellulose Nanofibers: Fabrication and Surface Functionalization Techniques

Abstract

This Handbook covers all aspects related to Nanofibers, from the experimental set-up for their fabrication to their potential industrial applications. It describes several kinds of nanostructured fibers such as metal oxides, natural polymers, synthetic polymers and hybrid inorganic-polymers or carbon-based materials. The first part of the Handbook covers the fundamental aspects, experimental setup, synthesis, properties and physico-chemical characterization of nanofibers. Specifically, this part details the history of nanofibers, different techniques to design nanofibers, self-assembly in nanofibers, critical parameters of synthesis, fiber alignment, modeling and simulation, types and classifications of nanofibers, and signature physical and chemical properties (i.e. mechanical, electrical, optical and magnetic), toxicity and regulations, bulk and surface functionalization and other treatments to allow them to a practical use. Characterization methods are also deeply discussed here. The second part of the Handbook deals with global markets and technologies and emerging applications of nanofibers, such as in energy production and storage, aerospace, automotive, sensors, smart textile design, energy conversion, tissue engineering, medical implants, pharmacy and cosmetics. Attention is given to the future of research in these areas in order to improve and spread the applications of nanofibers and their commercialization. Intro; Preface; Part I: Fundamental Aspects, Experimental Setup, Synthesis, Properties and Characterization; Part II: Technologies, Emerging Applications, and Future Markets; Contents; About the Editors; Contributors; Part I: Fundamental Aspects, Experimental Setup, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization; 1 Nanofiber Technologies: History and Development; Introduction to Nanotechnology; History and Development of Nanofiber Technologies; Types of Nanofibers and Nanofibrous Materials; Classification of Nanofibers Based on Their Chemical Composition; Carbon-Based Nanofibers Inorganic NanofibersPolymer Nanofibers; Composite Nanofibers; Unique Properties of Nanofibers; Emerging Applications of Nanofibers; Energy Production and Energy Storage; Environmental Protection and Improvement; Biomedical Applications; Conclusion and Future Outlooks; References; 2 Fabrication of Nanofibers: Electrospinning and Non-electrospinning Techniques; Introduction; Physical Fabrication Techniques; Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD); Laser Ablation Method; Mechanical Milling Method; Chemical Fabrication Techniques; Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD); Template-Assisted Synthesis Electrochemical Deposition MethodHydrothermal Method; Sol-Gel Method; Sonochemical Synthesis; Microwave Synthesis; Electrospinning Method; Electrospinning Setup; Fabrication of Structural Metal Oxide Nanofibers; Fabrication of Hollow Nanofibers; Fabrication of Composite Nanofiber; Conclusions; References; 3 Different Methods for Nanofiber Design and Fabrication; Introduction; History and Development of Electrospinning; Standard Electrospinning Setup; Electrospinning Parameters; Design Modifications in Electrospinning Setup; Multi-jet Electrospinning; Multi-jets from Single Needle Multi-jets from Multiple NeedlesMulti-jets from Needleless Systems; Electrospinning by Porous Hollow Tube; Bubbfil Spinning; Bubble Electrospinning; Blown Bubble Spinning; Coaxial Electrospinning; Emulsion Electrospinning; Gas-Assisted Spinning; Melt-Blowing Setup; Electro-blowing Setup; Roller Electrospinning (Nanospider Electrospinning); Self-Bundling Electrospinning; Solvent-Free Electrospinning; Melt Electrospinning; Supercritical CO-Assisted Electrospinning; Anion-Curing Electrospinning; UV-Curing Electrospinning; Magnetic-Field-Assisted Electrospinning; Bicomponent Spinning Forcespinning (Centrifugal Spinning)The Charge Injection Method; Near-Field Electrospinning (NFEs); Electrospinning Setups Based on the Shape of the Collector; Rotating Drum Collector; Sharp Pin with a Rotating Mandrel; Rotating Tube Collector with Knife-Edge Electrodes; Rotating Mandrel Collector with Parallel Conducting; Microfiber-Assisted Rotating Collector; Rotating Frozen Mandrel; Parallel Conducting Collector; Patterned Electrodes; Rotating Wire Drum Collector; A Rotating Thin Disk; Two-Ring Collector; Water Bath Grounded Collector; A Frame Collector; Non-electrospinning Techniques