Description Logics: Formal Foundation for Web Ontology Engineering

Abstract

This book illustrates how to use description logic-based formalisms to their full potential in the creation, indexing, and reuse of multimedia semantics. To do so, it introduces researchers to multimedia semantics by providing an in-depth review of state-of-the-art standards, technologies, ontologies, and software tools. It draws attention to the importance of formal grounding in the knowledge representation of multimedia objects, the potential of multimedia reasoning in intelligent multimedia applications, and presents both theoretical discussions and best practices in multimedia ontology engineering. Readers already familiar with mathematical logic, Internet, and multimedia fundamentals will learn to develop formally grounded multimedia ontologies, and map concept definitions to high-level descriptors. The core reasoning tasks, reasoning algorithms, and industry-leading reasoners are presented, while scene interpretation via reasoning is also demonstrated. Overall, this book offers readers an essential introduction to the formal grounding of web ontologies, as well as a comprehensive collection and review of description logics (DLs) from the perspectives of expressivity and reasoning complexity. It covers best practices for developing multimedia ontologies with formal grounding to guarantee decidability and obtain the desired level of expressivity while maximizing the reasoning potential. The capabilities of such multimedia ontologies are demonstrated by DL implementations with an emphasis on multimedia reasoning applications. Preface; Contents; About the Author; Chapter 1: Multimedia Semantics; 1.1 Rationale; 1.2 Feature Extraction and Feature Statistics for Classification; 1.3 Machine Learning for Multimedia Understanding; 1.4 Object Detection and Recognition; 1.5 Spatiotemporal Data Extraction for Video Event Recognition; 1.6 Conceptualization of Multimedia Contents; 1.7 Concept Mapping; 1.8 Implementation Potential: From Search Engines to Hypervideo Applications; 1.9 Summary; Chapter 2: Knowledge Representation with Semantic Web Standards; 2.1 The Semantic Web. 2.2 Unstructured, Semistructured, and Structured Data2.3 RDF; 2.4 RDFS; 2.5 OWL; 2.5.1 OWL Variants; 2.5.2 Modeling with OWL; 2.5.2.1 Class Declaration; 2.5.2.2 Property Declaration; 2.5.2.3 Individual Declaration; 2.5.3 Serialization; 2.6 Simple Knowledge Organization System; 2.7 Rule Languages; 2.7.1 Semantic Web Rule Language; 2.7.2 Rule Interchange Format; 2.8 Structured Data Deployment; 2.8.1 Linked Open Data Datasets; 2.8.1.1 Linked Data Principles; 2.8.1.2 The Five-Star Deployment Scheme for Linked Data; 2.8.1.3 LOD Datasets; 2.8.1.4 Licensing; 2.8.1.5 Interlinking. 2.8.2 Graph Databases: Triplestores and Quadstores2.8.3 Lightweight Annotations; 2.9 Summary; Chapter 3: The Semantic Gap; 3.1 Low-Level Descriptors; 3.1.1 Common Visual Descriptors; 3.1.2 Common Audio Descriptors; 3.1.3 Common Spatiotemporal Feature Descriptors, Feature Aggregates, and Feature Statistics; 3.2 The Discrepancy Between Low-Level Features and High-Level Semantics; 3.3 Semantic Enrichment of Multimedia Resources; 3.3.1 Semantic Enrichment of Images; 3.3.1.1 Core Image Metadata Standards; 3.3.1.2 Image Vocabularies and Ontologies; 3.3.2 Structured 3D Model Annotation. 3.3.3 Semantic Enrichment of Audio and Video3.3.3.1 Core Audio and Video Metadata Standards; 3.3.3.2 Vocabularies and Ontologies; 3.3.3.3 Issues and Limitations of the XSD-OWL Mappings of MPEG-7; 3.3.3.4 Automated Semantic Video Annotation; 3.4 Summary; Chapter 4: Description Logics: Formal Foundation for Web Ontology Engineering; 4.1 Description Logics; 4.1.1 Nomenclature; 4.1.2 Annotation and Naming Conventions; 4.1.3 Interpretation; 4.1.4 DL Constructor Syntax and Semantics; 4.1.5 DL Axiom Syntax and Semantics; 4.1.6 TBox, ABox, and RBox; 4.1.7 Relation to Other Logics. 4.1.7.1 Relation to First-Order Logic4.1.7.2 Relation to Modal Logic; 4.2 Description Logic Families; 4.2.1 and the Basic Description Logics; 4.2.2 The Family of Description Logics; 4.2.3 The DL-Lite Family of Description Logics; 4.2.4 Frame-Based Description Logics (); 4.2.5 The Family of Description Logics; 4.2.5.1 SHOIN; 4.2.5.2 SROIQ; 4.2.6 Spatial Description Logics; 4.2.7 Temporal Description Logics; 4.2.7.1 Temporal Extensions of ; 4.2.7.2 DLRUS; 4.2.7.3 TL-; 4.2.7.4 DL-Lite-Based Temporal Description Logics; 4.2.7.5 TDLBR; 4.2.7.6 DL-CTL; 4.2.7.7 The Temporal Extension of).