Association of a Smartphone Application With Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Medication nonadherence accounts for up to half of uncontrolled hypertension. Smartphone applications (apps) that aim to improve adherence are widely available but have not been rigorously evaluated. OBJECTIVE:To determine if the Medisafe smartphone app improves self-reported medication adherence and blood pressure control. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Thiswas a 2-arm, randomized clinical trial (Medication Adherence Improvement Support App For Engagement - Blood Pressure [MedISAFE-BP]). Participants were recruited through an online platform and were mailed a home blood pressure cuff to confirm eligibility and to provide follow-up measurements. Of 5577 participants who were screened, 412 completed consent,met inclusion criteria (confirmed uncontrolled hypertension, taking 1 to 3 antihypertensive medications), and were randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to intervention or control. INTERVENTIONS: Intervention arm participants were instructed to download and use the Medisafe app, which includes reminder alerts, adherence reports, and optional peer support. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Co-primary outcomeswere change from baseline to 12 weeks in self-reported medication adherence, measured by the Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS) (range, 0-8, with lower scores indicating lower adherence), and change in systolic blood pressure. RESULTS: Participants (n = 411; 209 in the intervention group and 202 controls) had a mean age of 52.0 years and mean body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, of 35.5; 247 (60%) were female, and 103 (25%) were black. After 12 weeks, the mean (SD) score on the MMAS improved by 0.4 (1.5) among intervention participants and remained unchanged among controls (between-group difference: 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7; P = .01). The mean (SD) systolic blood pressure at baseline was 151.4 (9.0)mmHg and 151.3 (9.4)mmHg, among intervention and control participants, respectively. After 12 weeks, the mean (SD) systolic blood pressure decreased by 10.6 (16.0)mmHg among intervention participants and 10.1 (15.4)mmHg among controls (between-group difference: -0.5; 95%CI, -3.7 to 2.7; P = .78). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among individuals with poorly controlled hypertension, patients randomized to use a smartphone app had a small improvement in self-reported medication adherence but no change in systolic blood pressure compared with controls.