A wearable system for visual cueing gait rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized non-inferiority trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Gait disturbances represent one of the most disabling features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the non-inferiority of a new wearable visual cueing system (Q-Walk) for gait rehabilitation in PD subjects, compared to traditional visual cues (stripes on the floor). DESIGN: Open-label, monocentric, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. SETTING: Outpatients. POPULATION: Patients affected by idiopathic PD without cognitive impairment, Hoehn and Yahr stage II-IV, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor section III ≥2, stable drug usage since at least 3 weeks. METHODS: At the enrollment (T0), all subjects underwent a clinical/functional evaluation and the instrumental gait and postural analysis; then they were randomly assigned to the Study Group (SG) or Control Group (CG). Rehabilitation program consisted in 10 consecutive individual sessions (5 sessions/week for 2 consecutive weeks). Each session included 60 minutes of conventional physiotherapy plus 30 minutes of gait training by Q-Walk (SG) or by traditional visual cues (CG). Follow-up visits were scheduled at the end of the treatment (T1) and after 3 months (T2). RESULTS: Fifty-two subjects were enrolled in the study, 26 in each group. The within-groups analysis showed a significant improvement in clinical scales and instrumental data at T1 and at T2, compared to baseline, in both groups. According to the between-group analysis, Q-Walk cueing system was not-inferior to the traditional cues for gait rehabilitation. The satisfaction questionnaire revealed that most subjects described the Q-Walk cueing system as simple, motivating and easily usable, possibly suitable for home use. CONCLUSIONS: Data showed that motor rehabilitation of PD subjects performed by means of the new wearable Q-Walk cueing system was feasible and as effective as traditional cues in improving gait parameters and balance. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Wearable devices can act as an additional rehabilitation strategy for long-term and continuous care, allowing patients to train intensively and extensively in household settings, favoring a tailor-made and personalized approach as well as remote monitoring.