Biomechanical comparison of compact versus standard flute drill bits, and interlocking versus buttress thread self-tapping cortical bone screws in cadaveric equine third metacarpal condyle

Abstract

Objectives: To compare (1) performance of compact versus standard flute drill bits, (2) screw insertion properties and (3) pullout variables between interlocking thread (ITS) and buttress thread (BTS) self-tapping screws in third metacarpi. Study design: In vitro experimental study. Sample population: Paired third metacarpi from 11 Thoroughbreds aged 2–4 years. Methods: Screws were inserted into the lateral condylar fossae following bone preparation using the respective drill bit for each screw type. Screw pullout was achieved using a mechanical testing system. Density and porosity of bone surrounding screw holes was measured with microcomputed tomography following each pullout test. Drilling, screw insertion and pullout variables were compared between drill bit and screw types using repeated measures ANOVA. Linear regression analyses were used to characterize relationships between bone tissue properties and drill bit and screw outcomes. Results: Maximum torque power spectral density (PSD) was lower for compact flute drill bits. Insertion torque was 50% higher for ITS. BTS had 33% greater preyield stiffness and 7% greater mean yield force. Bone tissue properties affected measured variables similarly for both screw and drill bit types. Conclusions: Lower torque PSD may increase durability of the compact flute drill bit. ITS had greater insertional torque, which may reflect greater bone engagement. BTS had greater resistance to axial pullout forces. Clinical significance: Metacarpal bone provides a simple model for comparison of drill bit and screw designs. Use of ITS to repair equine fractures subject to predominantly tensile forces is not justified based on the results of this study.