Animal models in biomedical research: Ethics, challenges, and opportunities

Abstract

Diagnostic power needs to be matched to prognostic accuracy. To accomplish this, we need robust animal models that incorporate the same level of genetic and genomic variation as highly diverse human populations. A key goal of biomedical research is to provide clinicians with sufficient knowledge to predict disease risk and choose effective treatment. We are on the cusp of having complete genome data for each patient. However, our current understanding of complex biological systems and individual differences does not allow us to predict effects of novel interventions and drugs. Animal models provide precise genetic and experimental control, and they also provide a route to more rapid discovery and validation of disease prevention and treatment. But the successful application of experimental results to diverse humans requires that models accurately represent both the underlying disease process and the impact of human genetic variation on treatment and outcome. © 2006 Humana Press Inc.