TXT-tool 2.386-1.2: Practice Guidelines on Monitoring and Warning Technology for Debris Flows

Abstract

This paper deals with practical guidelines on installing and running equipment for monitoring of debris flows, based on two decades of experiences in selected instrumented debris flow catchments in Europe. Starting with definitions and aims of any debris-flow monitoring system, especially those that are part of an early warning system, the chain of perception, monitoring and warning is presented. For measuring debris-flow signals, the paper focusses on issues regarding the positioning of measuring devices in the triggering, transport, and depositions areas. Different debris-flow data are recorded, communicated and archived, and all that needs a stable energy supply. The paper ends with a short review of installed debris-flow monitoring systems in Europe (with suggested further reading) and a short description of a human-based early warning system.