Molecules involved in recognition and clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells and cell debris

Abstract

Disposal of apoptotic or necrotic cells or cell remnants is of paramount importance for the survival of multicellular organisms. Plasma membrane rupture of accumulating dying cells would lead to a deluge of cellular components into the extracellular spaces and could lead to impairment of tissue organisation, occlusion of vessels and the induction of inflammatory and autoimmune reactions. Therefore, efficient mechanisms exist, that secure safe disposal of dying cells and their contents. Neighbouring cells and professional phagocytes like macrophages and immature dendritic cells are the main effector cells of these processes. The mechanism of engulfment of dying cells and the signalling pathways leading to phagocytosis are described. In addition, extracellular mechanisms seem to exist that are activated for the disposal of necrotic cells and their remnants. © 2009 Springer Netherlands.