Management of Pediatric Upper System Problems: Punctal and Canalicular Surgery

Abstract

Abnormalities of the puncta, canaliculi, or their insertion to the lacrimal sac can result in epiphora, recurrent infection, or inappropriate routing of tear drainage through a fistula tract. Such abnormalities can arise as congenital defects, acquired stenosis, or the result of trauma. This chapter discusses disorders of the upper lacrimal drainage system, with attention to etiology, clinical evaluation, and methods for surgical intervention.